Prior written consent is required if you wish to reproduce any of our material. Please be aware that there may be fees involved when material held under copyright is reproduced or translated.

• Permission is needed to publish any figure, abstract, portion of text or table that has been previously published.
• Before anyone can legally sell, publish, or distribute a copyrighted work, they must obtain the permission of the copyright owner regardless of the work's publication status. This rule also applies to authors using extracts, figures, or tables from their own work.
• It is the responsibility of an individual or organization to obtain written permission from the copyright holder prior to use in a new work.

• We have partnered with the Copyright Clearance Center to meet your licensing needs. You can obtain permission to reuse our journal content quickly and easily directly from the article’s webpage.
• Copyright Clearance Center partners with publishers across multiple disciplines in the academic and corporate markets to provide users with simple-to-use rights licensing tools.
• On any article page you can find a link to request permission to reuse Wolters Kluwer Health content through RightsLink^®. Please note, due to the diverse collection of society and proprietary journals published by Wolters Kluwer, these permission links may not all be in the same location on the journal page or may look different depending on the journal from which you’re requesting. Please refer to the screenshots below for examples:
  
  
  
  
• For step-by-step instructions, view the How to Request Permissions Guide.

For questions about using the RightsLink® service, please contact Customer Support via phone (877) 622-5543 (toll free from the US) or (US phone code) (978) 777-9929, or email: customercare@copyright.com.

A credit line must appear alongside any borrowed material:

1. For unmodified content: "Borrowed with permission from [author(s), article title, journal, volume number, issue number, inclusive pages and website URL to the journal page] ©Wolters Kluwer."
2. For borrowed content that has been modified with approval: "Adapted with permission from [author(s), article title, journal, volume number, issue number, inclusive pages and website URL to the journal page] ©Wolters Kluwer."

Wolters Kluwer is a member of the International Association of STM publishers, a group of academic and professional publishers, societies and university presses who publish in the fields of science, technology, and medicine. This membership allows reuse of content published by other signatories, within certain parameters.

• STM is the International Association of Scientific, Technical & Medical Publishers. The STM Permissions Guidelines aim to facilitate the publishing process by reducing costs and delays commonly associated with obtaining permissions. These Guidelines set out general principles for the re-use of material between STM signatory publishers. However, adherence to these Guidelines by signatory publishers is entirely voluntary. Wolters Kluwer Health is a signatory to the STM Permissions Guidelines.
• Before you license content from Wolters Kluwer Health for reuse in your new work, be sure to check the STM Website to see if the new publisher is also an STM signatory publisher. It is a good idea to keep this site bookmarked so you can easily reference the most current list of members.
• Please submit a request through RightsLink^® for official permissions.

Please see the chart below for common types of use and helpful tips to use when submitting your request through RightsLink^®.

Common Reuse Types

The easiest and fastest way to gain access to an article is to purchase directly from the journal website. Please use the "Buy" button located under the article details (see example below).



There are other options to rent or purchase a copy through RightsLink^®, the Copyright Clearance Center's online service. Once you have selected the article you wish to read, locate the permissions link to open the RightsLink^® page. The first prompt on RightsLink^® will say "I would like to…" from that drop-down menu, the bottom two options will be to either rent, or purchase the article.

Students, if your school subscribes to the journal on the Ovid platform, you may be able to view the article for free or obtain a copy through the use of an interlibrary loan. Please check with your school's librarian for an Ovid subscription status.

Please note, if you would like to copy and paste any excerpts, figures, or tables from an article into a new work, please submit a request to do so.

If you are a credited author of the original Wolters Kluwer Health article, please refer to the Copyright Transfer Agreement that you signed at the time of submission of your article. For an overview of options available for author reuse, please see the Author Document.

Please use RightsLink^® to submit a request to reuse content from articles for which you are an attributed author.

To purchase Author's Reprints please email authorreprints@wolterskluwer.com

Articles that are published as Open Access (OA) are assigned a Creative Commons License upon publishing. These licenses indicate to the reader what they are permitted to do with the OA content. There are six different license types. The chart below shows three of the most common licenses seen in publishing:

• Please note that republication in another journal, magazine or book is considered a commercial request.
• For further information about the Creative Common Licenses please visit the Creative Commons website.

If you are a customer requesting 100+ copies of an article, please contact:

• For inquiries in the US and Canada: ReprintSolutions@WoltersKluwer.com.
• For inquiries in other countries: InternationalReprints@WoltersKluwer.com.

If you are an author requesting 100+ copies of an article, please contact: authorreprints@wolterskluwer.com.
If you only want to read an article and you don't have a subscription, you can purchase access to an article directly from the journal website.

Exceptions:

• For AHA (American Heart Association) Statements, Guidelines and Reports please visit the AHA website.
• For ACOG (American College of Obstetrician and Gynecologists) Bulletins, Statements, Guidelines and Opinions please contact publication@acog.org.
• For any articles that are not online please contact the Wolters Kluwer Health reprints team Reprintsolutions@wolterskluwer.com.

Journal Permissions: permissions@lww.com

Author Inquiries: Please refer to your Copyright Transfer Agreement before applying to use content in a new source. For additional information, please visit Author Resources for Journals.

Piracy: antipiracy@wolterskluwer.com

Translations: For additional information regarding translations, please visit translations.

For translations of articles, figures, tables or excerpts, please use RightsLink^®.

Please add original citation of the content and use this disclaimer when you translate the content:

"Wolters Kluwer Health and its affiliates take no responsibility for the accuracy of any translation from the published English original and are not liable for any errors which may occur."

Licensing: healthlicensing@wolterskluwer.com

Please note, the publisher does not always own reproduction rights to photographs or illustrations; rather, such rights may have been retained by the illustrator or photographer. It is vitally important to establish who the copyright owner is before submitting an article which includes photographs. Please use RightsLink^® if Wolters Kluwer Health or the Society is the copyright owner of the image or photograph.

For additional information, please visit Licensing.

Reprints:

If you are a customer requesting 100+ copies of an article, please contact: Reprintsolutions@wolterskluwer.com.

If you are an author requesting 100+ copies of an article, please contact: authorreprints@wolterskluwer.com.

For additional information, please visit Commercial Reprints

If you only want to read an article and you don't have a subscription, you can purchase this article in pay-per-view through RightsLink^®. Please see "How can I get access to an article?" FAQ (above) for additional instructions.

For all additional inquiries, contact Customer Care: customercare@copyright.com.